STAGES IN THE UNIFICATION OF ITALY A BRIEF SUMMARY

General Note: It is a brief summary of the Unification of Italy. It forms the core of all the three answers to the questions suggested in Three Stages of Italian Unification. The following note can also be used for map question.

I believe, that candidates would like this summary if they had mastered the brief answer as suggested in the previous posting.


A. Stage First: - The reactionary powers were weakened and the awareness of nationalism was inculcated and developed among Italians. This stage is identified with the contributions of Mazzini.
B. Stage Second: - The question of Italy and its oppression by Austria became a topic of international debate. Cavour became an established diplomat in European international politics. The status of Sardinia also arose among the leading European powers. Lombardy was snatched from Austria in July 1859. This stage also watched the verdict in favour of merging with Piedmont-Sardinia by the states of Middle Italy. This phase was identified with the success of the diplomacy of Cavour.
C. Stage Third: - Absolutist monarchy in Naples and Sicily was ended by November 1860. The author of this stage was Garibaldi. Garibaldi could have even ended the rule of Pope in central Italy but Victor Emmanuel and Cavour accomplished this task leaving the existence of Pope in Rome intact.

D. Stage Fourth: - Italy, under Emmanuel, measured swords with Austria for one more time and acquired Venetia in 1866.

E. Stage Fifth: - Rome was made the part of Italy and the territories and the area of the influence of Pope was restricted and settled by the end of 1870. In this manner, the process of unification passed through five stages.


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STAGES IN THE UNIFICATION OF ITALY for B. A. III

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General Discussion: The Unification of Italy one of the most important question for April 2005 for Paper A, B. A. III student of Punjab University Chandigarh. It had appeared again and again earlier.
However, this question is quite long and students are not able to write the whole answer within a reasonable period of time.

Even a brief answer given below exceeds one thousand words which are the normal number of words that could be generally written by an average student. It has more than two thousand words. However, the following example, if practised, can be written within 45 to 50 minutes covering six to seven pages.

A detailed answer will be provided in succeeding posting.
Next posting will include a very small summary which will immediately follow this posting.
I hope that with the help of the brief summary and the example of an answer below, the students may able to write this question which usually comes in the final paper.

In addition, if the students practice a hand-drawn map of Italy and plot the five stages on the answer sheet itself as an addition to the answer suggested, I believe that no paper checker in the world could deny you more than 70% (i.e. 14 to 16) marks.

Question. What obstacles stood in the way of the unification of Italy and how were they removed?
Or
Discuss the different stages in the unification of Italy.
Or
Briefly, describe the stages by which the unification of Italy was brought about with special reference to the role of King Victor Emmanuel II and his minister Cavour.

Answer: -

Kindly note that the answer to the question and related questions are now available in a form of Google Books. They are free of charge. The URL is as follows. 

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  HURDLES ON THE PATH OF UNIFICATION

THE AUSTRIAN EMPIRE: - Austria had stationed a strong army in Lombardy and Venetia. As long as Austria was there, the unification of Italy was not possible.

REACTIONARY RULERS: - The various monarchies, supported by Metternich, were another main hurdle for the unification.

THE VARIOUS PLANS FOR UNIFICATION: - a. Mazzini wanted to establish the Republic of Italy.
b. Geoberti wanted to establish a Federation of Italy under Pope.
c. The House of Savoy wanted to establish a constitutional monarchy under the king of Piedmont – Sardinia.

LACK OF NATIONAL AWAKENING: - " In Italy, provinces are against provinces, towns against towns, families against families and men against men." (Metternich)

PAPAL STATES: - Pope was comfortably entrenched in the middle of Italy. Hence, any revolt by the Italians against the Pope was bound to earn the wrath of the Roman Catholic world.

A NEW BACKGROUND FOR UNIFICATION: - Napoleon had joined Italy into a political unit. Lipson had commented, " The lesson that Italy was a nation once learnt, was never forgotten."

REMOVAL OF OBSTACLES AND UNIFICATION OF ITALY: - The unification of Italy had passed through five stages.